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ALKALINITY - Capacity of water to accept acid, ordinarily because of its bicarbonate content. In some cases a part of the alkalinity in water may be do to carbonate, hydroxide, phosphate, or silicate. It is expressed in erms of mg/l of calcium carbonate. Total alkalinity is determined by titration with acid to a pH of 4.3. |
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ANION - A particle of matter dissolved in water that has a negative charge. In each system of matter the number of anions is equal to the number of cations (positively charged ions ) |
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BACTERIA - Bacteria are single cell microorganisms capable of replicating on their own. They can be divided into two broad categories: aerobic (requiring oxygen) and anaerobic (not requiring oxygen). Bacteria can live in a very broad range of habitats. Some, for example pseudomonads, can thrive in environments containing very low level of nutrients. These bacteria are frequently slime producers and are a major problem in water treatment systems. Other bacteria, which adhere to surfaces, secret gelatinous material which serves to protect the bacteria from chemical disinfectants. This combination of bacteria and their protective coating is sometimes referred to as biofilm. The concentration of bacteria in water is commonly given in terms of colony forming units (cfu) per ml. A colony forming unit is a viable bacterium able to replicate to form a whole colony when incubated in a given environment |
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BICARBONATE - Bicarbonate is formed in water by the reaction of carbon dioxide with mineral matter, such as limestone or dolomite. The carbon dioxide is absorbed from air or from decaying organic matter, and the bicarbonate that is formed imparts alkalinity to water. See Alkalinity. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonate do not exist in solid form. When water is removed from solutions of these salts, they lose carbon dioxide and form calc |
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BRACKISH WATER - Water containing between 1,000 mg/l and 15,000 mg/l of dissolved solids is generally considered to be brackish. CALCIUM CARBONATE Occurs in natu re as limestone. It dissolves in water containing carbon dioxide by forming calcium bicarbonate. |
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CALCIUM BICARBONATE - A salt that is present in most natural waters. Water containing calcium bicarbonate loses carbon dioxide when it is evaporated or concentrated by reverse osmosis and calcium carbonate is precipitated. |
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CONDUCTIVITY - The ability of an aqueous solution to carry electric current depends on the presence of ions in the solution. Conductivity is a quantitative measure which describes this ability. Solutions of inorganic ions are relatively good conductors (and exhibit high conductivity), whereas solutions of organic molecules are rather poor conductors (and exhibit low conductivity). Highly purified water is also a poor conductor. Conductivity is expressed in units of Siemen/cm (previously known as mhos/cm). Conductivity measurements are typically encountered in monitoring the performance of reverse osmosis equipment. Conductivity is temperature dependent and should be measured with a tempearautre-compensated meter. |
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